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That's a great question! Since black holes don't emit any light themselves, scientists have to study them in clever, indirect ways. Here are some of the main methods they use:

1) Observing their effects on nearby matter: While black holes themselves don't emit light, the material swirling around them gets heated up and emits X-rays and other radiation that we can detect with telescopes. This helps scientists map out the behavior of matter near the black hole.

2) Gravitational lensing: Black holes have incredibly strong gravity that bends and distorts light passing nearby. By studying how light from distant galaxies is warped by a black hole's gravity, scientists can infer things about the black hole's mass and spin.

3) Observing stellar orbits: If a black hole has a companion star orbiting it, scientists can study the star's movement. The extreme gravitational pull of the black hole causes the visible star to wobble and move in a telltale way that reveals the black hole's properties.

4) Gravitational waves: Black holes emitted ripples in spacetime called gravitational waves when they collide and merge. Incredibly sensitive detectors have recently started picking up these waves, allowing unprecedented study of black hole systems.

5) Accretion disks: The material being sucked into a black hole forms a flattened disk around it. The energy and radiation emitted by this accretion disk gives clues about the black hole's spin and other mysteries.

So in summary, while we can't see black holes directly, their extreme gravity gives them away by their effects on their surroundings and spacetime itself! Pretty clever detective work by scientists.